Contents

• Preface to June 2004 Edition
• Waves in One Dimension
  • Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
  • Sine Waves
  • Types of Waves
    • Ocean Surface Waves
    • Sound Waves
    • Light
  • Superposition Principle
  • Beats
  • Interferometers
    • The Michelson Interferometer
  • Thin Films
  • Math Tutorial -- Derivatives
  • Group Velocity
    • Derivation of Group Velocity Formula
    • Examples
  • Problems
  
  
• Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
  • Math Tutorial -- Vectors
  • Plane Waves
  • Superposition of Plane Waves
    • Two Waves of Identical Wavelength
    • Two Waves of Differing Wavelength
    • Many Waves with the Same Wavelength
  • Diffraction Through a Single Slit
  • Two Slits
  • Diffraction Gratings
  • Problems
  
  
• Geometrical Optics
  • Reflection and Refraction
  • Total Internal Reflection
  • Anisotropic Media
  • Thin Lens Formula and Optical Instruments
  • Fermat's Principle
  • Problems
  
  
• Kinematics of Special Relativity
  • Galilean Spacetime Thinking
  • Spacetime Thinking in Special Relativity
  • Postulates of Special Relativity
    • Simultaneity
    • Spacetime Pythagorean Theorem
  • Time Dilation
  • Lorentz Contraction
  • Twin Paradox
  • Problems
  
  
• Applications of Special Relativity
  • Waves in Spacetime
  • Math Tutorial - Four-Vectors
  • Principle of Relativity Applied
  • Characteristics of Relativistic Waves
  • The Doppler Effect
  • Addition of Velocities
  • Problems
  
  
• Acceleration and General Relativity
  • Acceleration
  • Circular Motion
  • Acceleration in Special Relativity
  • Acceleration, Force, and Mass
  • Accelerated Reference Frames
  • Gravitational Red Shift
  • Event Horizons
  • Problems
  
  
• Matter Waves
  • Bragg's Law
  • X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
    • Single Crystal
    • Powder Target
  • Meaning of Quantum Wave Function
  • Sense and Nonsense in Quantum Mechanics
  • Mass, Momentum, and Energy
    • Planck, Einstein, and de Broglie
    • Wave and Particle Quantities
    • Non-Relativistic Limits
    • An Experimental Test
  • Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
  • Problems
  
  
• Geometrical Optics and Newton's Laws
  • Fundamental Principles of Dynamics
    • Pre-Newtonian Dynamics
    • Newtonian Dynamics
    • Quantum Dynamics
  • One-Dimensional Non-Relativistic Case
  • Potential Energy
    • Gravity as a Conservative Force
  • Work and Power
  • Math Tutorial - Partial Derivatives
  • Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
  • Kinetic and Potential Momentum
  • Problems
  
  
• Wave Mechanics
  • Math Tutorial -- Complex Waves
  • Free Particle Wave Function
  • Effects of Varying Potential Energy
  • Confined Particles
    • Particle in a Box
    • Barrier Penetration
    • Orbital Angular Momentum
    • Spin Angular Momentum
  • Problems
  
  
• Dynamics of Multiple Particles
  • Momentum and Newton's Second Law
  • Newton's Third Law
  • Conservation of Momentum
  • Collisions
    • Elastic Collisions
    • Inelastic Collisions
  • Rockets and Conveyor Belts
  • Problems
  
  
• Rotational Dynamics
  • Math Tutorial -- Cross Product
  • Torque and Angular Momentum
  • The Uneven Dumbbell
  • Two Particles in General
  • Many Particles
  • Rigid Bodies
  • Statics
  • Problems
  
  
• Harmonic Oscillator
  • Energy Analysis
  • Analysis Using Newton's Laws
  • Forced Oscillator
  • Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator
  • Problems
  
  
• Newton's Law of Gravitation
  • The Law of Gravitation
  • Gravitational Field
  • Gravitational Flux
  • Flux from Multiple Masses
  • Effects of Relativity
  • Kepler's Laws
  • Use of Conservation Laws
  • Problems
  
  
• Forces in Relativity
  • Potential Momentum
  • Aharonov-Bohm Effect
  • Forces from Potential Momentum
    • Refraction Effect
    • Time-Varying Potential Momentum
  • Lorentz Condition
  • Gauge Theories and Other Theories
  • Conservation of Four-Momentum Again
  • Virtual Particles
  • Virtual Particles and Gauge Theory
  • Negative Energies and Antiparticles
  • Problems
  
  
• Electromagnetic Forces
  • Electromagnetic Four-Potential
  • Electric and Magnetic Fields and Forces
  • A Note on Units
  • Charged Particle Motion
    • Particle in Constant Electric Field
    • Particle in Conservative Electric Field
    • Torque on an Electric Dipole
    • Particle in Constant Magnetic Field
    • Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields
  • Forces on Currents in Conductors
  • Torque on a Magnetic Dipole and Electric Motors
  • Electric Generators and Faraday's Law
  • EMF and Scalar Potential
  • Problems
  
  
• Generation of Electromagnetic Fields
  • Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field
  • Gauss's Law for Electricity
    • Sheet of Charge
    • Line of Charge
  • Gauss's Law for Magnetism
  • Coulomb's Law and Relativity
  • Moving Charge and Magnetic Fields
    • Moving Line of Charge
    • Moving Sheet of Charge
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
  • The Lorentz Condition
  • Problems
  
  
• Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors
  • The Capacitor and Ampère's Law
    • The Capacitor
    • Circulation of a Vector Field
    • Ampère's Law
  • Magnetic Induction and Inductors
  • Resistance and Resistors
  • Energy of Electric and Magnetic Fields
  • Kirchhoff's Laws
  • Problems
  
  
• Measuring the Very Small
  • Continuous Matter or Atoms?
  • The Ring Around the Moon
  • The Geiger-Marsden Experiment
  • Cosmic Rays and Accelerator Experiments
    • Early Cosmic Ray Results
    • Particle Accelerators
    • Size and Structure of the Nucleus
    • Deep Inelastic Scattering of Electrons from Protons
    • Storage Rings and Colliders
    • Proton-Antiproton Collisions
    • Electron-Positron Collisions
  • Commentary
  • Problems
  
  
• Atoms
  • Fermions and Bosons
    • Review of Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics
    • Two Particle Wave Functions
  • The Hydrogen Atom
  • The Periodic Table of the Elements
  • Atomic Spectra
  • Problems
  
  
• The Standard Model
  • Quarks and Leptons
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • The Electroweak Theory
  • Grand Unification?
  • Problems
  
  
• Atomic Nuclei
  • Molecules -- an Analogy
  • Nuclear Binding Energies
  • Radioactivity
  • Nuclear Fusion and Fission
  • Problems
  
  
• Heat, Temperature, and Friction
  • Temperature
  • Heat
    • Specific Heat
    • First Law of Thermodynamics
    • Heat Conduction
    • Thermal Radiation
  • Friction
    • Frictional Force Between Solids
    • Viscosity
  • Problems
  
  
• Entropy
  • States of a Brick
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • Two Bricks in Thermal Contact
  • Thermodynamic Temperature
  • Specific Heat
  • Entropy and Heat Conduction
  • Problems
  
  
• The Ideal Gas and Heat Engines
  • Ideal Gas
    • Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box
    • Counting States
    • Multiple Particles
    • Entropy and Temperature
    • Work, Pressure, and Gas Law
    • Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
  • Slow and Fast Expansions
  • Heat Engines
  • Perpetual Motion Machines
  • Problems
  
  
• Constants
  • Constants of Nature
  • Properties of Stable Particles
  • Properties of Solar System Objects
  • Miscellaneous Conversions
  
  
• GNU Free Documentation License
  • Applicability and Definitions
  • Verbatim Copying
  • Copying in Quantity
  • Modifications
  • Combining Documents
  • Collections of Documents
  • Aggregation With Independent Works
  • Translation
  • Termination
  • Future Revisions of This License
  
  
• History